Ускорение гидростроительства в ходе 12-й пятилетки: позиция эко-НПО

Планы 12 пятилетки предусматривают ускоренное развитие гидроэнергетики. В Ки­тае наблюдается рост энергопотребления, но страной взяты жесткие обязательства по сни­жению выбросов парниковых газов на едини­цу продукции. В результате форсируется раз­витие атомной, ветряной и гидроэнергетики, и суммарная установленная мощность ГЭС должна достичь к 2020 г. 400 Гигаватт. В 11 пятилетке амбициозные планы строительства ГЭС были реализованы лишь на треть, в част­ности в связи с тем, что многие проекты не прошли экологическую экспертизу. В частно­сти, на главном русле Амура планируется по­строить 8 ГЭС с общей установленной мощ­ностью 8200 мегаватт.

Но в последние месяцы наметился про­рыв в «убийстве рек для добычи электриче­ства», и экологические НПО крайне озабо­чены этой тенденцией, ибо вне поля зрения остались экологические и социальные про­блемы и потеря невозобновимого ресурса - живых рек. Кроме того, строительство ГЭС провоцирует создание новых энергоемких производств, и порочный круг замыкается. Китайские НПО противостоят массовому ги­дростроительству путем предъявления требо­ваний о раскрытии экологической информа­ции, организации участия населения в приня­тии решений, экспедиций на места для сбора информации о проектах ГЭС, выборе приори­тетных для защиты участков (как националь­ный резерват по охране рыб на р. Янцзы), со­трудничая с международными конвенциями и международным сообществом.

The 2011 is the beginning of the 12^th Five-

Year of China. According to media reports, it is made clear in the 12^th Five-Year draft plan that, during 2011~2015, the hydropower should be de­veloped actively under the precondition of good ecological protection and resettlement.

It was described in the 11^th Five-Year Nation Plan that "In due course develop hydropower on the basis of the ecological protection".The word changes from the past "due course" into the cur­rent "active", and it means the coming onrush develop of hydropower in China. The future looks bright, but in the behind, there are many unknown environmental risks hidden. China is increasingly approaching the limit in use of "hy- dropower potential" after which serious damages to river ecosystem and biodiversity and other en­vironmental risks are likely increase dramatical­ly, the life of the community around rivers will be affected or changed, and the community culture will be destroyed, or even ruined. In addition, in the process called "kill rivers to get power", risks of geological disaster have been also ignored.

From "order" to "active"

Hydropower supporters have two main rea­sons.

On the one hand, the rapid development of Chinese economy has continued growth in elec­tricity demand. China Electricity Council statis­tics show that, the average annual growth of the total electricity consumption is 11.09%, and is expected to be 8.5% by 2015. In 2020, Chinese per capita GDP will reach 10 thousand US dol­lar, and it will annually consume about 4.5 billion tons of coal equivalent, 15% of which comes from the non-fossil energy, about 675 million tons. Hy-

dropower accounted for more than half of the non-fossil energy, about 400 million tons of coal- equivalent, and the total hydropower installed ca­pacity would reach to about 400 000 MWt.

Chart 1

Electricity Utilization Formation of China in 2009

Data source: China Electricity Council

On the other hand, China also has the respon­sibility and pressure for tackling climate change to achieve in the 2020 decrease of carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP down by 40% - 45% compared to 2005, and the non-fossil fuels takes about 15% of the primary energy consumption.

To achieve this reduction commitments, the Chinese government upgrades industries to mini­mize the energy consumption of unit GDP firstly, reforestation and improved forest management reduce carbon emissions secondly, and large- scale develop and utilization of hydropower, nuclear energy, wind energy, raw Materials and solar and other non-fossil energy sources thirdly. Compared to the high cost of wind power and solar energy, hydropower and nuclear power become the first choice of Chinese power enter­prises. And then the hydropower technology is better than nuclear power, so that it's the matter of course to develop hydropower actively.

Many Chinese environmentalists and NGOs do not agree with such views.

pleted, more energy-intensive industries would be constructed to take advantage of the power, a vicious cycle. Again, to achieve emission re­duction targets needs participation of every sec­tor and level of society and public, not only the hydropower sectors. During the "11^th Five-Year" National Plan period, Chinese emission reduc­tion goes down by 20% per units GDP, and the emissions reduction of six energy-intensive sec­tors is remarkable. In the future, every trade has the task of reducing emissions, so that the emis­sions reduction performance will be better.

Secondly, hydropower development is driv­en largely by profit, bringing great social injustice and undermining Chinese international image.

It is estimated that hydropower annual pro­duction will reach about 1.2 TWt*h in 2020, and the electrovalence will be increased to 0.8 to 1 RMB(Yuan) per Wattat that time, so that the hy- dropower industry can get a average annual gross revenue about 1~1.2 trillion RMB from electric­ity sales. In general, the investment in hydropow­er can be recovered in 10~15 years, and the hy- dropower enterprise can get 10 times of the pre­mium price in the stock market, as well as there are many other gray and invisible benefits in the hydropower development. However, considering the cost, the compensation of internal migration is on the low side, and loss of communities, envi­ronmental system and geological risk basicly are not reflected truly. Even when a disaster occurs, the cost is burden by all public by nationwide fund-raising. As you see, there is a huge and deli­cious hydropower cake.

Hydropower development is adversely af­fecting a scarce resource, particularly destruction of unique large natural rivers. As a hydropower company, those who mastered the development rights of major rivers will control the resources. At present, the hydropower development pattern of main rivers has been basically established, and several large hydropower companies divide up hydropower projects of main hydropower bases. Driven by huge profits and lack of effective man­agement of the central government, many hydro- power projects start without confirms, undermine the approval system, and challenge the govern­ment authority, causing great social injustice.

Internationally, China is one of the signa­tory countries on Convention on Biological Di­versity, Protection of World Cultural and Natu­ral Heritage Convention and so on. The Chinese government cannot shirk its international re­sponsibilities, but the hydropower development affects performance of these responsibilities and even international relations with neighbor­ing countries seriously, undermining the Chinese international image to be a responsible country.

Accelerated Development in 13 hydro- power bases

In 2004, the Prime Minister Wen Jiabao re­quested for strict examination on hydropower projects. During the 11^th Five-Year Plan Period (2005~2010), 33 key hydropower stations were listed to start, with total hydropower installed ca­pacity 74021 MW. However, installed capacity authorized in 2007 was only 2340 MW, in 2008 - 7240 MW and in 2009 - 7370 MW, respectively. By the end of 2009, only 11 hydropower stations had been approved for construction in China, only 33% of the key list, and the total hydropow­er installed capacity was 20030 MW, only 27.1% of the planned.

It is said in the Report on Chinese Electric Utility Industry of the 12^th Five-Year Plan issued by China Electricity Council that, they will ac­celerate hydropower development in seven hy­dropower bases, the Yangtze River, Wujiang River, Nanpanjiang River,Red-water River, the middle and lower reaches of Yellow River and the north stream, Xiangxi, Fujian-Zhejiang- Jiangxi and the Northeastern Section. Develop­ments in all above bases will be completed in 5~10 years. On the other hand, they will focus on developing 6 hydropower base in the west­ern region, the Jinsha River, Yalong River, Dadu River, Lancang River, Nu River, upper reaches of Yellow River, promote hydropow- er developing in the Brahmaputra in Tibet and other neighboring countries, such as Myanmar.

In the Northeast Hydropower base, the plan is composed by Amur River, Mudanjiang River, the second Songhua River, Yalu Riv­er (including the Hun Stream) and Nen Rvier.

Objectives of development of Amur River are power generation, flood control and naviga­tion, but mainly for power. At present, Chinese companies plan 8 dams ( there are 9 potential locations) in the upper and middle flow of Amur River. Total installed capacity could reach 8200 MWt, annual production -27 000 million kW*h. We don't know exactly where these hydropow­er stations will be, except the farthest down in Taipinggou Valley of Hegang Prefecture. The cascade development for Amur River is still in the planning.

Yalu River, including the Hun Stream, is under a joint planning of China and the North Korea. There will be 12 steps, and 4 large and medium hydropower stations have been built, 2 stations are in preliminary designing.

How NGOs can respond to this challenge

Disregarding the social controversy , the hy- dropower industry has forced accelerated devel­opment of rivers in Southwest China , impacting all policies from the central to the local govern­ment. Under the name of promoting economic development and carbon emission reduction and energy saving, they are actually destroying the very basis of ecological environment, social sta­bility and sustainable development, which are contrary to the Scientific Concept of Develop­ment promoted by the central government and irresponsible for the country and her people.

Facing the massive hydropower develop­ment written into the 12^th Five-Years Plan, Chi­nese environmentalists and NGOs started and plan the following activities:

1. Use the government environmental infor­mation publicity (disclosure requirements) and closely follow the project approval and the build­ing process of hydropower projects. For exam­ple, Ludila Station in Jinsha River was stopped by the MEP in 2009 because of unsatisfactory environmental impact assessment.

2. Gather information from all aspects and debate with hydropower supporters, struggle for the right of speech, to make the pros and cons of hydropower well-known for the general pub­lic and obtain greater popular support. For ex­ample, Green Earth Volunteers and Green Rivers do many field work to expose effects of Hydro- power Project in Nu River and others.

3. Affect the policy of the central and lo­cal government by ways of public participation, hearings and activities, and promote the change of the hydropower approval and management and call for a more rational good governance of hydropower.

4. Focus on key areas and carry on protec-

References: tions on the points, such as the National Nsture Reserve for Fish Protection upsteam of planned Xiaonanhai Station, the Tiger Leaping Gorge, Nu River, Amur River and so on, using national laws and regulations and international conven­tions.

5. Promote the model of community partici­pating management in small watersheds, to find local solutions to energy issues and the appropri­ate model of economic development.

6. Call for emission reduction and energy saving on all social aspects, to improve energy ef­ficiency and reduce energy consumption through joint efforts of families, communities, enterprises and so on.

7. Promote the government and companies to find alternatives power to hydropower and op­timize energy management and use system and relational market models.

8. Carry out international exchanges and cooperation, especially in international river is­sues, such as Nu River and Amur River.

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Чжан Ядун

«Зеленый Лунцзян», Харбин, Хейлунцзян, Китай

источник http://damba.org/novosti/materialy-k-vi-mezhdunarodnoj-nauchno-prakticheskoj-konferencii-reki-sibiri-krasnoyarsk-2011-god.html